Third-party decision – children arguing over a toy may appeal to a parent for a judicial decision, a judge might issue a decre

Third-party decision: children arguing over a toy may appeal to a parent for a judicial decision, a judge might issue a decree regarding a property settlement in a divorce, papal bulls (15^th century) dividing the new world between Portugal and Spain, Yalta meeting of Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin to divide the world, triage at Group Health Emergency Facility…